path(MESH:Craving)
In particular, repeated self-administration produces the upregulation of high-affinity (alpha4beta2) nAChR expression, reduces receptor function due to desensitization and, in most cases, imparts developmental tolerance. Additional changes imposed by nicotine abuse range from reinforcement to physical discomfort associated with withdrawal including craving, anxiety, and a multitude of other less than desirable sensations of autonomic dysfunction when use is stopped. PubMed:19126755
β4 deletion abolishes withdrawal signs in the mouse208, and α3 and β4 are also present in the PNS, supporting the view that they might be directly involved in craving and relapse — an area that is largely unexplored in the development of medications to assist with smoking cessation. PubMed:19721446
β4 deletion abolishes withdrawal signs in the mouse208, and α3 and β4 are also present in the PNS, supporting the view that they might be directly involved in craving and relapse — an area that is largely unexplored in the development of medications to assist with smoking cessation. PubMed:19721446
(-)-Nicotine withdrawal symptoms might begin within a few hours after the last nicotine product, and include irritability/anger/stress/anxiety, sleep disturbances, depressed mood, craving, cognitive and attention deficits, and increased appetite. PubMed:28391535
β4 deletion abolishes withdrawal signs in the mouse208, and α3 and β4 are also present in the PNS, supporting the view that they might be directly involved in craving and relapse — an area that is largely unexplored in the development of medications to assist with smoking cessation. PubMed:19721446
β4 deletion abolishes withdrawal signs in the mouse208, and α3 and β4 are also present in the PNS, supporting the view that they might be directly involved in craving and relapse — an area that is largely unexplored in the development of medications to assist with smoking cessation. PubMed:19721446
BEL Commons is developed and maintained in an academic capacity by Charles Tapley Hoyt and Daniel Domingo-Fernández at the Fraunhofer SCAI Department of Bioinformatics with support from the IMI project, AETIONOMY. It is built on top of PyBEL, an open source project. Please feel free to contact us here to give us feedback or report any issues. Also, see our Publishing Notes and Data Protection information.
If you find BEL Commons useful in your work, please consider citing: Hoyt, C. T., Domingo-Fernández, D., & Hofmann-Apitius, M. (2018). BEL Commons: an environment for exploration and analysis of networks encoded in Biological Expression Language. Database, 2018(3), 1–11.