a(MESH:Astrocytes)
A statistically significant positive correlation was observed between the amount of GFAP and Iba1 burden in the spinal cord (Pearson correlation = 0.612, P,0.002) whereas negative correlations were observed between the GFAP burden and the Luxol fast blue burden (Pearson correlation =20.525, P= 0.007), and between the IBa1 burden and the Luxol fast blue burden (Pearson correlation =20.609, P =0.001) suggesting that astrogliosis and microgliosis are associated with the loss of myelin in the spinal cord PubMed:23383175
A statistically significant positive correlation was observed between the amount of GFAP and Iba1 burden in the spinal cord (Pearson correlation = 0.612, P,0.002) whereas negative correlations were observed between the GFAP burden and the Luxol fast blue burden (Pearson correlation =20.525, P= 0.007), and between the IBa1 burden and the Luxol fast blue burden (Pearson correlation =20.609, P =0.001) suggesting that astrogliosis and microgliosis are associated with the loss of myelin in the spinal cord PubMed:23383175
In addition, flow cytometry analysis demonstrated that heparin reduces dye-conjugated pff uptake in both TFEB and EGFP transduced astrocytes, suggesting that macropino- cytosis is responsible for astroglial pff uptake PubMed:30108137
Of note is that in both of these catastrophic disorders, reduced nAChR activity/expression is accompanied by increased levels of kynurenic acid (KYNA), a tryptophan metabolite that in the brain is primarily produced and released by astrocytes (244, 419). PubMed:19126755
A statistically significant positive correlation was observed between the amount of GFAP and Iba1 burden in the spinal cord (Pearson correlation = 0.612, P,0.002) whereas negative correlations were observed between the GFAP burden and the Luxol fast blue burden (Pearson correlation =20.525, P= 0.007), and between the IBa1 burden and the Luxol fast blue burden (Pearson correlation =20.609, P =0.001) suggesting that astrogliosis and microgliosis are associated with the loss of myelin in the spinal cord PubMed:23383175
A statistically significant positive correlation was observed between the amount of GFAP and Iba1 burden in the spinal cord (Pearson correlation = 0.612, P,0.002) whereas negative correlations were observed between the GFAP burden and the Luxol fast blue burden (Pearson correlation =20.525, P= 0.007), and between the IBa1 burden and the Luxol fast blue burden (Pearson correlation =20.609, P =0.001) suggesting that astrogliosis and microgliosis are associated with the loss of myelin in the spinal cord PubMed:23383175
Interestingly, it was very recently reported that astrocytes take up a-syn oligomers and degrade it via the lysosomal pathway, but this pathway can become saturated leading to mitochondrial fragmentation [89]. PubMed:28803412
Transcriptomic analysis of these isolated astrocytes revealed an increase in TFEB tran- scripts, as well as transcripts of several of its well-known target genes in the rTg4510 relative to wild-type controls PubMed:30108137
In addition, flow cytometry analysis demonstrated that heparin reduces dye-conjugated pff uptake in both TFEB and EGFP transduced astrocytes, suggesting that macropino- cytosis is responsible for astroglial pff uptake PubMed:30108137
Extracellular degradation of ISF proteins mainly consists of degradation by proteases expressed and secreted by cells such as astrocytes PubMed:26195256
Specifically, ISF Aβ can be taken up by microglia and astrocytes, whereas perivascular Aβ can be degraded by vascular smooth muscle cells, perivascular macrophages, and astrocytes PubMed:26195256
In AD, microglial cells and astrocytes express NLRP3, which in turn can detect A beta plaques and act by secreting caspase-1 to activate IL-1 beta and IL- 18 [23–25]. PubMed:27314526
Pattern recognition receptors such as the TLR4 receptor are expressed in the brain’s own immune cells like microglia and astrocytes that induce inflammation via cytokine secretion [38]. PubMed:27314526
NO can also bring about apoptosis of hippocampal neurons via caspase- 3 activity [50] whereas astrocyte-secreted IL-1 beta can increase the production of APP and A beta from neu- rons [51–53] (Fig. 1). PubMed:27314526
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