PubMed: 23383175

Title
Amelioration of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by anatabine.
Journal
PloS one
Volume
8
Issue
None
Pages
e55392
Date
2013-01-01
Authors
Mullan MJ | Mathura V | Ait-Ghezala G | Bachmeier C | Beaulieu-Abdelahad D | Crawford F | Mullan M | Paris D

Evidence 5e44e6c9e2

However, a significant reduction in IL-17 was observed in the spleen of EAE anatabine treated mice compared to EAE placebo mice (Fig. 2C)

Evidence bc560719c4

This particular dosage was selected from a previous study showing that this dosage is efficient at lowering brain cytokine levels in a mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease displaying chronic neuroinflammation

Evidence 24c583ecd2

Clinical signs of EAE became apparent by day 6 following the immunization in the placebo group but were delayed to day 11 in the anatabine treatment group (Fig. 1A)

Evidence d627687ff0

The average clinical severity of EAE was also significantly reduced by the anatabine treatment (Fig. 1B)

Evidence 3b2d7f232e

Importantly, approximately 70% of the mice in the placebo group developed hind-limb weakness or paralysis compared to only 20% in the anatabine treatment group (Fig. 1C) showing that the mice treated with anatabine displayed significantly milder disease symptoms than the placebo group

Evidence f3f8670bfd

However, anatabine significantly suppressed the production of IL-1b, IL-6 and IL-17A in the serum of EAE mice (Fig. 2B) but did not significantly impact IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha

Evidence b32622908d

Anatabine appears to fully suppress IL-1b, INF-gamma and TNF-a elevation in the spleen of EAE mice (Fig. 2C).

Evidence 1dc845548f

We have shown previously that anatabine prevents STAT3 and p65 NFkB phosphorylation in various cell types and suggested that anatabine impact cytokine production by this mechanism as both STAT3 and p65 NFkB are known to regulate cytokine production.

Evidence a76190cd78

Interestingly, a significant increase in STAT3 phosphorylation was observed in the spleen of EAE mice compared to control non immunized mice and a significant decrease in STAT3 phosphorylation level was detected in EAE mice treated with anatabine (Fig. 3)

Evidence 4221a2c4a4

Additionally, we observed that anatabine significantly prevented STAT3 and p65 NFkB phosphorylation in brain homogenates of EAE mice (Fig. 4)

Evidence 7282cab4db

A reduction in the number of phosphorylated STAT3 immunoreactive cells was observed in the cerebral cortex of EAE mice treated with anatabine further confirming the data obtained by western-blotting using brain homogenates (Fig. 5)

Evidence 6bd6937344

Similarly, we observed an increased number of phosphorylated STAT3 immunopositive cells in the spinal cord of EAE mice compared to control non-immunized mice and a decreased number of phosphorylated STAT3 immunoreactive cells in EAE mice treated with anatabine (Fig. 6) showing overall that anatabine reduces STAT3 phosphorylation in the brain, spinal cord and spleen of EAE mice.

Evidence f0fcd43ae6

Overall, anatabine did not significantly impact EAE induced astrogliosis for the different areas of the brain examined (Fig. 7)

Evidence a3889e7c23

A marked increase in GFAP immunostaining was also observed in the spinal cord of EAE mice and was significantly suppressed by the anatabine treatment showing that anatabine prevents astrogliosis in the spinal cord of EAE mice (Fig. 11)

Evidence 40927a3f9d

Interestingly, a significant reduction in the number of IBa1 immunopositive microglial cells was found in the hippocampus and medulla of anatabine treated EAE mice (Fig. 8)

Evidence 63d402e7e3

Less cellular infiltration was observed in the spinal cord of anatabine treated mice compared to EAE placebo mice (Fig. 9)

Evidence 935f17e9f2

In addition, anatabine markedly decreased the Iba1 immunostaining in the spinal cord of EAE mice showing that anatabine reduces the infiltration of macrophage/ microglia in the spinal cord of EAE mice (Fig. 10)

Evidence c4047ad108

Interestingly, anatabine significantly prevented demyelination associated with EAE in the spinal cord (Fig. 12)

Evidence 309a84e221

A statistically significant positive correlation was observed between the amount of GFAP and Iba1 burden in the spinal cord (Pearson correlation = 0.612, P,0.002) whereas negative correlations were observed between the GFAP burden and the Luxol fast blue burden (Pearson correlation =20.525, P= 0.007), and between the IBa1 burden and the Luxol fast blue burden (Pearson correlation =20.609, P =0.001) suggesting that astrogliosis and microgliosis are associated with the loss of myelin in the spinal cord

Evidence c6a35f5f23

The axonal damage in EAE mice leads to well defined clinical signs such as tail paralysis, hind-limb weakness and paralysis

Evidence 958929c7e6

We found that IL-1b, IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha, IL-6 and IL-17A were significantly elevated in the serum of EAE mice compared to control non-immunized mice

Evidence 44b1f1f1a1

In addition, we observed a statistically significant correlation between the amount of p65 NFkB phosphorylation and STAT3 phosphorylation in brain homogenates (Pearson Correlation = 0.637, P<0.001)

Evidence d9431dcf06

Interestingly, a statistically significant correlation was observed between the amount of STAT3 phosphorylation detected in brain homogenates and the clinical severity of EAE (Pearson correlation = 0.653, P<0.001) but not with p65 NFkB phosphorylation (Pearson correlation = 0.371, P= 0.062) suggesting that STAT3 may play a more preponderant role than NFkB in the development of neurological deficits of EAE

Evidence ec0c680175

A statistically significant correlation was observed between the number of STAT3 phosphorylated cells in the cerebral cortex and the clinical severity of EAE (Pearson Correlation =0.531, P,0.002)

Evidence a185de0308

A statistically significant correlation was also observed between the amount of STAT3 phosphorylated cells in the spinal cord and the clinical severity of EAE (Pearson Correlation = 0.512, P,0.004)

Evidence c5d966d530

A significant elevation of IL-1b, INF-gamma and TNF-alpha was observed in the spleen of EAE mice compared to control non immunized animals

Evidence 5d2afb574a

Western-blot experiments using brain homogenates from EAE mice also reveal that both STAT3 and p65 NFkB phosphorylation are significantly elevated in the brain of EAE mice compared to control non immunized mice (Fig. 4)

Evidence 2de127712f

We further assessed STAT3 phosphorylation by immunohistochemistry using brain sections of the animals and observed an increased number of phosphorylated STAT3 immunopositive cells in the cortex of EAE mice compared to control non-immunized mice (Fig. 5)

Evidence c25f576eed

A significant increase in astrogliosis revealed by a GFAP immunostaining was observed in the cortex and medulla of EAE mice compared to control non immunized animals (Fig. 7)

Evidence bcc3f4032a

A significant increase in the number of microglial cells immunoreactive for Iba1 was observed in the hippocampus and medulla of EAE mice compared to control non-immunized mice (Fig. 8)

Evidence a39aa3af28

As shown in Fig. 9, hematoxylin and eosin staining revealed numerous perivascular clusters of mononuclear infiltrating cells in the spinal cord of EAE mice and an absence of these inflammatory cell infiltrates in the spinal cord of control non-immunized mice

Evidence d485c04727

Globally, Iba1 immunostaining is significantly increased in the spinal cord of EAE mice compared to control nonimmunized mice (Fig. 10)

Evidence c3c58258a7

Finally, Luxol Fast Blue staining showed significant myelin loss in the white matter of the spinal cord of EAE mice compared control non-immunized mice (Fig. 12)

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