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PubMed: 28458720

Title
Role of red blood cells in haemostasis and thrombosis.
Journal
ISBT science series
Volume
12
Issue
None
Pages
176-183
Date
2017-02-01
Authors
Litvinov RI | Weisel JW

Evidence c4ced170f7
JSON

Another mechanism for platelet activation by RBC lysate is extracellular hemoglobin, which enhances platelet activation by lowering NO bioavailability [ 29].

a(CHEBI:"nitric oxide") decreases bp(MESH:"Platelet Activation") View Subject | View Object

Appears in Networks:
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MeSH
Veins
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Review

p(HGNC:HBB) decreases a(CHEBI:"nitric oxide") View Subject | View Object

Appears in Networks:
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MeSH
Veins
Text Location
Review

p(HGNC:HBB) increases bp(MESH:"Platelet Activation") View Subject | View Object

Appears in Networks:
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MeSH
Veins
Text Location
Review

Evidence 664e96ba5b
JSON

Because nitric oxide is known to prevent activation of endothelial cells and platelets, this nitric oxide deficiency promotes cellular activation.

a(CHEBI:"nitric oxide") decreases bp(GO:"endothelial cell activation") View Subject | View Object

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Evidence 1b0c1ef8fa
JSON

Because of the large numbers of RBCs present in the blood, even a small fraction of RBCs with phosphatidylserine exposure can result in prothrombotic conditions.

a(CHEBI:"phosphatidyl-L-serine") positiveCorrelation path(MESH:Thrombosis) View Subject | View Object

Appears in Networks:
Annotations
MeSH
Veins
MeSH
Anemia, Sickle Cell
MeSH
beta-Thalassemia
Text Location
Review

path(MESH:Thrombosis) positiveCorrelation a(CHEBI:"phosphatidyl-L-serine") View Subject | View Object

Appears in Networks:
Annotations
MeSH
Veins
MeSH
Anemia, Sickle Cell
MeSH
beta-Thalassemia
Text Location
Review

Evidence 91790d411a
JSON

Under conditions of apoptosis or RBC damage, such as high shear rates, inflammation, or oxidative stress, RBCs can lose membrane asymmetry and expose phosphatidylserine [43].

a(CHEBI:"phosphatidyl-L-serine") positiveCorrelation a(MESH:"Erythrocytes, Abnormal") View Subject | View Object

Appears in Networks:
Annotations
MeSH
Veins
MeSH
Anemia, Sickle Cell
MeSH
beta-Thalassemia
Text Location
Review

a(HM:"shear stress") positiveCorrelation a(MESH:"Erythrocytes, Abnormal") View Subject | View Object

Appears in Networks:
Annotations
MeSH
Veins
MeSH
Anemia, Sickle Cell
MeSH
beta-Thalassemia
Text Location
Review

a(MESH:"Erythrocytes, Abnormal") positiveCorrelation a(HM:"shear stress") View Subject | View Object

Appears in Networks:
Annotations
MeSH
Veins
MeSH
Anemia, Sickle Cell
MeSH
beta-Thalassemia
Text Location
Review

a(MESH:"Erythrocytes, Abnormal") positiveCorrelation bp(MESH:"Oxidative Stress") View Subject | View Object

Appears in Networks:
Annotations
MeSH
Veins
MeSH
Anemia, Sickle Cell
MeSH
beta-Thalassemia
Text Location
Review

a(MESH:"Erythrocytes, Abnormal") positiveCorrelation path(MESH:Inflammation) View Subject | View Object

Appears in Networks:
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MeSH
Veins
MeSH
Anemia, Sickle Cell
MeSH
beta-Thalassemia
Text Location
Review

a(MESH:"Erythrocytes, Abnormal") positiveCorrelation a(CHEBI:"phosphatidyl-L-serine") View Subject | View Object

Appears in Networks:
Annotations
MeSH
Veins
MeSH
Anemia, Sickle Cell
MeSH
beta-Thalassemia
Text Location
Review

bp(MESH:"Oxidative Stress") positiveCorrelation a(MESH:"Erythrocytes, Abnormal") View Subject | View Object

Appears in Networks:
Annotations
MeSH
Veins
MeSH
Anemia, Sickle Cell
MeSH
beta-Thalassemia
Text Location
Review

path(MESH:Inflammation) positiveCorrelation a(MESH:"Erythrocytes, Abnormal") View Subject | View Object

Appears in Networks:
Annotations
MeSH
Veins
MeSH
Anemia, Sickle Cell
MeSH
beta-Thalassemia
Text Location
Review

Evidence fd73af3e8b
JSON

Phosphatidylserine externalization and shedding are mediated by increased cellular Ca-flux and play an important role in natural RBC senescence [44].

a(CHEBI:"phosphatidyl-L-serine") positiveCorrelation a(MESH:"Erythrocytes, Abnormal") View Subject | View Object

Appears in Networks:
Annotations
MeSH
Veins
MeSH
Anemia, Sickle Cell
MeSH
beta-Thalassemia
Text Location
Review

a(MESH:"Erythrocytes, Abnormal") positiveCorrelation a(CHEBI:"phosphatidyl-L-serine") View Subject | View Object

Appears in Networks:
Annotations
MeSH
Veins
MeSH
Anemia, Sickle Cell
MeSH
beta-Thalassemia
Text Location
Review

bp(MESH:"Calcium Signaling") increases a(CHEBI:"phosphatidyl-L-serine") View Subject | View Object

Appears in Networks:
Annotations
MeSH
Veins
MeSH
Anemia, Sickle Cell
MeSH
beta-Thalassemia
Text Location
Review

Evidence a2fc0004ad
JSON

An increase in RBC phosphatidylserine exposure in -thalassemia patients has been shown to be connected with eryptosis, the suicidal death of RBCs [49].

a(CHEBI:"phosphatidyl-L-serine") positiveCorrelation bp(MESH:Eryptosis) View Subject | View Object

Appears in Networks:
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Veins
MeSH
beta-Thalassemia
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Review

bp(MESH:Eryptosis) positiveCorrelation a(CHEBI:"phosphatidyl-L-serine") View Subject | View Object

Appears in Networks:
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MeSH
Veins
MeSH
beta-Thalassemia
Text Location
Review

Evidence 42fcf39953
JSON

Free heme upregulates heme oxygenase activity, generates reactive oxygen species, and activates endothelial cells and macrophages directly[65].

a(CHEBI:heme) increases a(MESH:"Reactive Oxygen Species") View Subject | View Object

Appears in Networks:
Annotations
Cell Ontology (CL)
erythrocyte
MeSH
Veins
MeSH
beta-Thalassemia
Text Location
Review

a(CHEBI:heme) increases bp(GO:"endothelial cell activation") View Subject | View Object

Appears in Networks:
Annotations
Cell Ontology (CL)
erythrocyte
MeSH
Veins
MeSH
beta-Thalassemia
Text Location
Review

a(CHEBI:heme) increases bp(MESH:"Macrophage Activation") View Subject | View Object

Appears in Networks:
Annotations
Cell Ontology (CL)
erythrocyte
MeSH
Veins
MeSH
beta-Thalassemia
Text Location
Review

Evidence cc5e5a1e4d
JSON

More rigid RBCs may be less able to squeeze through the capillaries and they also increase platelet margination described above, both of which increase the susceptibility to thrombosis [18].

a(HM:"Platelet margination") increases path(MESH:Thrombosis) View Subject | View Object

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MeSH
Veins
Text Location
Review

bp(MESH:"Erythrocyte Deformability") decreases a(HM:"Platelet margination") View Subject | View Object

Appears in Networks:
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MeSH
Veins
Text Location
Review

bp(MESH:"Erythrocyte Deformability") decreases path(MESH:Thrombosis) View Subject | View Object

Appears in Networks:
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MeSH
Veins
Text Location
Review

Evidence bd5d2075b4
JSON

The most common pathological states in which RBCs interact with the endothelium include sickle cell disease [39], malaria [40], and diabetes [41].

a(HM:"erythrocyte-endothelium adhesion") positiveCorrelation path(MESH:Malaria) View Subject | View Object

Appears in Networks:
Annotations
MeSH
Veins
MeSH
Anemia, Sickle Cell
MeSH
beta-Thalassemia
Text Location
Review

a(HM:"erythrocyte-endothelium adhesion") positiveCorrelation path(MESH:"Anemia, Sickle Cell") View Subject | View Object

Appears in Networks:
Annotations
MeSH
Veins
MeSH
Anemia, Sickle Cell
MeSH
beta-Thalassemia
Text Location
Review

a(HM:"erythrocyte-endothelium adhesion") positiveCorrelation path(HP:"Diabetes mellitus") View Subject | View Object

Appears in Networks:
Annotations
MeSH
Veins
MeSH
Anemia, Sickle Cell
MeSH
beta-Thalassemia
Text Location
Review

path(HP:"Diabetes mellitus") positiveCorrelation a(HM:"erythrocyte-endothelium adhesion") View Subject | View Object

Appears in Networks:
Annotations
MeSH
Veins
MeSH
Anemia, Sickle Cell
MeSH
beta-Thalassemia
Text Location
Review

path(MESH:"Anemia, Sickle Cell") positiveCorrelation a(HM:"erythrocyte-endothelium adhesion") View Subject | View Object

Appears in Networks:
Annotations
MeSH
Veins
MeSH
Anemia, Sickle Cell
MeSH
beta-Thalassemia
Text Location
Review

path(MESH:Malaria) positiveCorrelation a(HM:"erythrocyte-endothelium adhesion") View Subject | View Object

Appears in Networks:
Annotations
MeSH
Veins
MeSH
Anemia, Sickle Cell
MeSH
beta-Thalassemia
Text Location
Review

Evidence 527f5c6ada
JSON

The RBC-platelet adhesive interaction may be important in pathological conditions associated with a high incidence of thrombosis, such as thalassemia [36] or sickle cell disease [37].

a(HM:"erythrocyte-platelet adhesion") increases path(MESH:Thrombosis) View Subject | View Object

Appears in Networks:
Annotations
MeSH
Veins
MeSH
Anemia, Sickle Cell
MeSH
beta-Thalassemia
Text Location
Review

Evidence 0f26763409
JSON

At low shear rates or with stasis of blood, RBCs tend to form linear arrays of stacked cells (roleaux) or three-dimensional aggregates [16].

a(HM:"shear stress") positiveCorrelation bp(MESH:"Erythrocyte Aggregation") View Subject | View Object

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bp(MESH:"Erythrocyte Aggregation") positiveCorrelation a(HM:"shear stress") View Subject | View Object

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Evidence 20fcd47363
JSON

Stored RBCs undergo a complex structural and metabolic impairment that includes leakage of hemoglobin from the cells and hemolysis, reduced energy and NO production, formation of toxic products, such as lysophospholipids and free iron, phosphatidylserine exposure and shedding MPs [59].

a(HM:"stored erythrocytes") increases path(MESH:Hemolysis) View Subject | View Object

Appears in Networks:
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Cell Ontology (CL)
erythrocyte
MeSH
Veins
MeSH
beta-Thalassemia
Text Location
Review

a(HM:"stored erythrocytes") decreases a(CHEBI:"nitric oxide") View Subject | View Object

Appears in Networks:
Annotations
Cell Ontology (CL)
erythrocyte
MeSH
Veins
MeSH
beta-Thalassemia
Text Location
Review

a(HM:"stored erythrocytes") increases a(MESH:Lysophospholipids) View Subject | View Object

Appears in Networks:
Annotations
Cell Ontology (CL)
erythrocyte
MeSH
Veins
MeSH
beta-Thalassemia
Text Location
Review

a(HM:"stored erythrocytes") increases a(CHEBI:"iron(2+)") View Subject | View Object

Appears in Networks:
Annotations
Cell Ontology (CL)
erythrocyte
MeSH
Veins
MeSH
beta-Thalassemia
Text Location
Review

a(HM:"stored erythrocytes") increases a(CHEBI:"phosphatidyl-L-serine") View Subject | View Object

Appears in Networks:
Annotations
Cell Ontology (CL)
erythrocyte
MeSH
Veins
MeSH
beta-Thalassemia
Text Location
Review

a(HM:"stored erythrocytes") increases a(MESH:"Cell-Derived Microparticles") View Subject | View Object

Appears in Networks:
Annotations
Cell Ontology (CL)
erythrocyte
MeSH
Veins
MeSH
beta-Thalassemia
Text Location
Review

Evidence e8dc9ad539
JSON

Stored RBCs exhibit altered biophysical characteristics, including higher cell rigidity that accounts in part for impaired blood flow hemodynamics and adverse effects of RBC transfusion [26].

a(HM:"stored erythrocytes") decreases bp(MESH:"Erythrocyte Deformability") View Subject | View Object

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MeSH
Veins
Text Location
Review

a(HM:"stored erythrocytes") decreases bp(MESH:Hemodynamics) View Subject | View Object

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MeSH
Veins
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Review

Evidence 57d5671a2e
JSON

Clot contraction requires platelets and fibrin or fibrinogen.

a(MESH:Fibrinogen) positiveCorrelation bp(MESH:"Clot Retraction") View Subject | View Object

Appears in Networks:
Annotations
Cell Ontology (CL)
erythrocyte
MeSH
Veins
MeSH
beta-Thalassemia
Text Location
Review

a(MESH:"Blood Platelets") positiveCorrelation bp(MESH:"Clot Retraction") View Subject | View Object

Appears in Networks:
Annotations
Cell Ontology (CL)
erythrocyte
MeSH
Veins
MeSH
beta-Thalassemia
Text Location
Review

bp(MESH:"Clot Retraction") positiveCorrelation a(MESH:Fibrinogen) View Subject | View Object

Appears in Networks:
Annotations
Cell Ontology (CL)
erythrocyte
MeSH
Veins
MeSH
beta-Thalassemia
Text Location
Review

bp(MESH:"Clot Retraction") positiveCorrelation a(MESH:"Blood Platelets") View Subject | View Object

Appears in Networks:
Annotations
Cell Ontology (CL)
erythrocyte
MeSH
Veins
MeSH
beta-Thalassemia
Text Location
Review

Evidence 7053202bd7
JSON

Thrombin, calcium ions, the integrin IIb 3, non-muscle myosin IIa, factor XIIIa crosslinking, and platelet count all promote one or more phases of the clot contraction process.

a(MESH:"Blood Platelets") positiveCorrelation bp(MESH:"Clot Retraction") View Subject | View Object

Appears in Networks:
Annotations
Cell Ontology (CL)
erythrocyte
MeSH
Veins
MeSH
beta-Thalassemia
Text Location
Review

a(MESH:Calcium) positiveCorrelation bp(MESH:"Clot Retraction") View Subject | View Object

Appears in Networks:
Annotations
Cell Ontology (CL)
erythrocyte
MeSH
Veins
MeSH
beta-Thalassemia
Text Location
Review

a(MESH:Thrombin) positiveCorrelation bp(MESH:"Clot Retraction") View Subject | View Object

Appears in Networks:
Annotations
Cell Ontology (CL)
erythrocyte
MeSH
Veins
MeSH
beta-Thalassemia
Text Location
Review

bp(MESH:"Clot Retraction") positiveCorrelation a(MESH:"Blood Platelets") View Subject | View Object

Appears in Networks:
Annotations
Cell Ontology (CL)
erythrocyte
MeSH
Veins
MeSH
beta-Thalassemia
Text Location
Review

bp(MESH:"Clot Retraction") positiveCorrelation a(MESH:Thrombin) View Subject | View Object

Appears in Networks:
Annotations
Cell Ontology (CL)
erythrocyte
MeSH
Veins
MeSH
beta-Thalassemia
Text Location
Review

bp(MESH:"Clot Retraction") positiveCorrelation a(MESH:Calcium) View Subject | View Object

Appears in Networks:
Annotations
Cell Ontology (CL)
erythrocyte
MeSH
Veins
MeSH
beta-Thalassemia
Text Location
Review

bp(MESH:"Clot Retraction") positiveCorrelation p(HGNC:ITGB3) View Subject | View Object

Appears in Networks:
Annotations
Cell Ontology (CL)
erythrocyte
MeSH
Veins
MeSH
beta-Thalassemia
Text Location
Review

bp(MESH:"Clot Retraction") positiveCorrelation p(HGNC:MYH9) View Subject | View Object

Appears in Networks:
Annotations
Cell Ontology (CL)
erythrocyte
MeSH
Veins
MeSH
beta-Thalassemia
Text Location
Review

bp(MESH:"Clot Retraction") positiveCorrelation p(HGNC:F13A1) View Subject | View Object

Appears in Networks:
Annotations
Cell Ontology (CL)
erythrocyte
MeSH
Veins
MeSH
beta-Thalassemia
Text Location
Review

p(HGNC:F13A1) positiveCorrelation bp(MESH:"Clot Retraction") View Subject | View Object

Appears in Networks:
Annotations
Cell Ontology (CL)
erythrocyte
MeSH
Veins
MeSH
beta-Thalassemia
Text Location
Review

p(HGNC:MYH9) positiveCorrelation bp(MESH:"Clot Retraction") View Subject | View Object

Appears in Networks:
Annotations
Cell Ontology (CL)
erythrocyte
MeSH
Veins
MeSH
beta-Thalassemia
Text Location
Review

p(HGNC:ITGB3) positiveCorrelation bp(MESH:"Clot Retraction") View Subject | View Object

Appears in Networks:
Annotations
Cell Ontology (CL)
erythrocyte
MeSH
Veins
MeSH
beta-Thalassemia
Text Location
Review

Evidence 8b478e0dd8
JSON

In acute coronary syndrome, RBC transfusion increases platelet reactivity [31].

a(MESH:"Blood Transfusion") increases bp(MESH:"Platelet Activation") View Subject | View Object

Appears in Networks:
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MeSH
Veins
MeSH
Acute Coronary Syndrome
Text Location
Review

Evidence 5f58779359
JSON

The ability of cells to generate MPs in vivo is an important regulatory mechanism of physiologic reactions, a means for intercellular communications and a pathogenic component in many diseases that impact hemostasis and thrombosis [50, 51].

a(MESH:"Cell-Derived Microparticles") positiveCorrelation bp(MESH:Hemostasis) View Subject | View Object

Appears in Networks:
Annotations
Cell Ontology (CL)
erythrocyte
MeSH
Veins
MeSH
beta-Thalassemia
Text Location
Review

a(MESH:"Cell-Derived Microparticles") positiveCorrelation path(MESH:Thrombosis) View Subject | View Object

Appears in Networks:
Annotations
Cell Ontology (CL)
erythrocyte
MeSH
Veins
MeSH
beta-Thalassemia
Text Location
Review

bp(MESH:Hemostasis) positiveCorrelation a(MESH:"Cell-Derived Microparticles") View Subject | View Object

Appears in Networks:
Annotations
Cell Ontology (CL)
erythrocyte
MeSH
Veins
MeSH
beta-Thalassemia
Text Location
Review

path(MESH:Thrombosis) positiveCorrelation a(MESH:"Cell-Derived Microparticles") View Subject | View Object

Appears in Networks:
Annotations
Cell Ontology (CL)
erythrocyte
MeSH
Veins
MeSH
beta-Thalassemia
Text Location
Review

Evidence d09c774113
JSON

Formation of RBC-derived MPs is typical during the ex vivo storage of whole blood [52] and accumulation of MPs is thought to be responsible for an increased incidence of deep vein thrombosis after transfusion of “old” red cells [53].

a(MESH:"Cell-Derived Microparticles") increases path(HP:"Deep venous thrombosis") View Subject | View Object

Appears in Networks:
Annotations
Cell Ontology (CL)
erythrocyte
MeSH
Veins
MeSH
beta-Thalassemia
Text Location
Review

Evidence 34734e24fb
JSON

Irrespective of their source, elevated plasma levels of MPs are associated with a reduced clotting time and a dose- and time-dependent increase in thrombin generation, suggesting that the MPs enhance hypercoagulability.

a(MESH:"Cell-Derived Microparticles") decreases bp(MESH:"Whole Blood Coagulation Time") View Subject | View Object

Appears in Networks:
Annotations
Cell Ontology (CL)
erythrocyte
MeSH
Veins
MeSH
beta-Thalassemia
Text Location
Review

a(MESH:"Cell-Derived Microparticles") increases path(HP:Hypercoagulability) View Subject | View Object

Appears in Networks:
Annotations
Cell Ontology (CL)
erythrocyte
MeSH
Veins
MeSH
beta-Thalassemia
Text Location
Review

Evidence b05c75b586
JSON

The circulating MPs can internalize free heme and transfer it to vascular endothelium, promoting vaso-occlusion, or amplify systemic inflammation via thrombin mediated activation of the complement system [57].

a(MESH:"Cell-Derived Microparticles") increases path(HM:"vaso-occlusive crisis") View Subject | View Object

Appears in Networks:
Annotations
Cell Ontology (CL)
erythrocyte
MeSH
Veins
MeSH
beta-Thalassemia
Text Location
Review

a(MESH:"Cell-Derived Microparticles") increases bp(GO:"complement activation") View Subject | View Object

Appears in Networks:
Annotations
Cell Ontology (CL)
erythrocyte
MeSH
Veins
MeSH
beta-Thalassemia
Text Location
Review

bp(GO:"complement activation") increases path(MESH:Inflammation) View Subject | View Object

Appears in Networks:
Annotations
Cell Ontology (CL)
erythrocyte
MeSH
Veins
MeSH
beta-Thalassemia
Text Location
Review

Evidence d9e002bcf2
JSON

Damaged RBCs also release arginase that cleaves L-arginine, a substrate for NO production [29].

a(MESH:"Erythrocytes, Abnormal") increases a(MESH:Arginase) View Subject | View Object

Appears in Networks:
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MeSH
Veins
Text Location
Review

Evidence c5fadd20d2
JSON

When RBCs are damaged by high shear in continuous flow ventricular assist devices, free hemoglobin induces platelet aggregation, contributing to high risk of thrombotic complications [33].

a(MESH:"Erythrocytes, Abnormal") increases p(HGNC:HBB) View Subject | View Object

Appears in Networks:
Annotations
MeSH
Veins
MeSH
Acute Coronary Syndrome
Text Location
Review

bp(MESH:"Platelet Aggregation") increases path(MESH:Thrombosis) View Subject | View Object

Appears in Networks:
Annotations
MeSH
Veins
MeSH
Acute Coronary Syndrome
Text Location
Review

p(HGNC:HBB) increases bp(MESH:"Platelet Aggregation") View Subject | View Object

Appears in Networks:
Annotations
MeSH
Veins
MeSH
Acute Coronary Syndrome
Text Location
Review

Evidence 2acb7c8319
JSON

As a generality, incorporation of RBCs increases the lytic resistance and decreases the permeability of fibrin in a dose-dependent manner [79, 80].

a(MESH:"Erythrocytes, Abnormal") decreases a(HM:"permeability of fibrin") View Subject | View Object

Appears in Networks:
Annotations
Cell Ontology (CL)
erythrocyte
MeSH
Veins
MeSH
beta-Thalassemia
Text Location
Review

Evidence fc8e519018
JSON

In contrast, RBCs impair contraction and reduce stiffness, while increasing the overall contractile stress generated by the platelet-fibrin meshwork [75, 76, 85].

a(MESH:"Erythrocytes, Abnormal") negativeCorrelation bp(MESH:"Clot Retraction") View Subject | View Object

Appears in Networks:
Annotations
Cell Ontology (CL)
erythrocyte
MeSH
Veins
MeSH
beta-Thalassemia
Text Location
Review

bp(MESH:"Clot Retraction") negativeCorrelation a(MESH:"Erythrocytes, Abnormal") View Subject | View Object

Appears in Networks:
Annotations
Cell Ontology (CL)
erythrocyte
MeSH
Veins
MeSH
beta-Thalassemia
Text Location
Review

Evidence ac43e7af9e
JSON

However, in the past few decades there has been increasing evidence that RBCs have a variety of active functions in hemostasis and thrombosis that are significant and need to be taken into account in assessing health and disease.

a(MESH:Erythrocytes) association path(MESH:Thrombosis) View Subject | View Object

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a(MESH:Erythrocytes) association bp(MESH:Hemostasis) View Subject | View Object

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bp(MESH:Hemostasis) association a(MESH:Erythrocytes) View Subject | View Object

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Text Location
Review

path(MESH:Thrombosis) association a(MESH:Erythrocytes) View Subject | View Object

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Text Location
Review

Evidence ad2b818521
JSON

A remarkable rheological effect of RBCs that affects platelets in hemostasis and thrombosis is that RBCs preferentially move down the center of blood vessel, causing margination of platelets, so that they are poised to adhere preferentially to the site of vessel-wall injury [10].

a(MESH:Erythrocytes) increases a(HM:"Platelet margination") View Subject | View Object

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Review

a(MESH:Erythrocytes) increases bp(MESH:"Platelet Adhesiveness") View Subject | View Object

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Review

Evidence bbb16abb37
JSON

RBCs can modulate platelet reactivity directly through either chemical signaling or adhesive RBC-platelet interactions. RBCs promote platelet aggregation and degranulation by releasing ATP and ADP under low pO2, low pH and in response to mechanical deformation [27, 28].

a(MESH:Erythrocytes) increases bp(MESH:"Platelet Aggregation") View Subject | View Object

Appears in Networks:
Annotations
MeSH
Veins
Text Location
Review

a(MESH:Erythrocytes) increases bp(MESH:"Cell Degranulation") View Subject | View Object

Appears in Networks:
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MeSH
Veins
Text Location
Review

Evidence 204f465a43
JSON

An increase of fibrinogen concentration can result in greater RBC aggregation, which is associated with a higher incidence of thrombosis.

a(MESH:Fibrinogen) increases bp(MESH:"Erythrocyte Aggregation") View Subject | View Object

Appears in Networks:
Annotations
Cell Ontology (CL)
erythrocyte
MeSH
Veins
MeSH
beta-Thalassemia
Text Location
Review

bp(MESH:"Erythrocyte Aggregation") positiveCorrelation path(MESH:Thrombosis) View Subject | View Object

Appears in Networks:
Annotations
Cell Ontology (CL)
erythrocyte
MeSH
Veins
MeSH
beta-Thalassemia
Text Location
Review

path(MESH:Thrombosis) positiveCorrelation bp(MESH:"Erythrocyte Aggregation") View Subject | View Object

Appears in Networks:
Annotations
Cell Ontology (CL)
erythrocyte
MeSH
Veins
MeSH
beta-Thalassemia
Text Location
Review

Evidence 9b6ea8c30c
JSON

Another consequence of the axial RBC accumulation followed by reduction in local viscosity is a decrease of the wall shear stress causing a lesser local release of nitric oxide [15].

bp(MESH:"Erythrocyte Aggregation") decreases bp(MESH:"Blood Viscosity") View Subject | View Object

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Review

bp(MESH:"Erythrocyte Aggregation") decreases a(CHEBI:"nitric oxide") View Subject | View Object

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Text Location
Review

Evidence 0bc223f3d9
JSON

Such aggregates are difficult to disperse and they tend to increase the blood viscosity and hydrodynamic resistance in larger blood vessels with low shear, such as the veins in the lower limbs.

bp(MESH:"Erythrocyte Aggregation") increases bp(MESH:"Blood Viscosity") View Subject | View Object

Appears in Networks:
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Text Location
Review

Evidence b46bd3fba9
JSON

RBC aggregation promotes thrombosis in veins, confirming the pathogenic importance of locally altered blood rheology in the development of venous thrombosis [17].

bp(MESH:"Erythrocyte Aggregation") increases path(MESH:Thrombosis) View Subject | View Object

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Veins
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Review

bp(MESH:"Erythrocyte Aggregation") increases path(MESH:"Venous Thrombosis") View Subject | View Object

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Veins
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Evidence da366c87f8
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Some diseases, such as diabetes, hypertension, lower limb vein thrombosis, coronary heart disease, can secondarily alter the properties of RBCs, making them stiffer and prothrombotic [24].

bp(MESH:"Erythrocyte Deformability") negativeCorrelation path(MESH:Thrombosis) View Subject | View Object

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Veins
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path(HP:"Diabetes mellitus") decreases bp(MESH:"Erythrocyte Deformability") View Subject | View Object

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Veins
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path(MESH:Thrombosis) negativeCorrelation bp(MESH:"Erythrocyte Deformability") View Subject | View Object

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Veins
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Review

Evidence 752695058a
JSON

Thus the volume fraction of red cells may have a significant impact on hemostasis and thrombosis, with the nature of the effect related to the flow conditions [9].

bp(MESH:"Erythrocyte Volume") positiveCorrelation bp(MESH:Hemostasis) View Subject | View Object

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bp(MESH:"Erythrocyte Volume") positiveCorrelation path(MESH:Thrombosis) View Subject | View Object

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bp(MESH:Hemostasis) positiveCorrelation bp(MESH:"Erythrocyte Volume") View Subject | View Object

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path(MESH:Thrombosis) positiveCorrelation bp(MESH:"Erythrocyte Volume") View Subject | View Object

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Evidence 893eec84a2
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Activation, aging, and apoptosis of various cells, including RBCs, are accompanied by formation of microscopic extracellular membranous structures named microvesicles or microparticles (MPs).

bp(MESH:Apoptosis) increases a(MESH:"Cell-Derived Microparticles") View Subject | View Object

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Cell Ontology (CL)
erythrocyte
MeSH
Veins
MeSH
beta-Thalassemia
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Evidence f7b593b26e
JSON

On the other hand, an abnormally high hematocrit is associated with thrombosis, and patients with polycythemia vera or taking erythropoietin are more susceptible to thrombosis and thromboembolism [4, 5].

bp(MESH:Hematocrit) association path(MESH:Thrombosis) View Subject | View Object

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p(HGNC:EPO) positiveCorrelation path(MESH:Thrombosis) View Subject | View Object

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p(HGNC:EPO) positiveCorrelation path(MESH:Thromboembolism) View Subject | View Object

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path(MESH:"Polycythemia Vera") positiveCorrelation path(MESH:Thrombosis) View Subject | View Object

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path(MESH:Thrombosis) positiveCorrelation path(MESH:"Polycythemia Vera") View Subject | View Object

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path(MESH:Thrombosis) positiveCorrelation p(HGNC:EPO) View Subject | View Object

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path(MESH:Thromboembolism) positiveCorrelation p(HGNC:EPO) View Subject | View Object

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path(MESH:Thrombosis) association bp(MESH:Hematocrit) View Subject | View Object

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Evidence f9defdbad9
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High hematocrit results in an increase in blood viscosity that impedes the blood flow [6, 7].

bp(MESH:Hematocrit) increases bp(MESH:"Blood Viscosity") View Subject | View Object

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bp(MESH:Hematocrit) decreases bp(MESH:"Blood Flow Velocity") View Subject | View Object

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Evidence 0ae1d76812
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The hematocrit-related blood viscosity may have physical effects on the interaction between platelets and blood vessel surfaces.Under flow conditions, platelet adhesion increases greatly with hematocrit.

bp(MESH:Hematocrit) increases bp(MESH:"Platelet Adhesiveness") View Subject | View Object

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Evidence edf8edd396
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Extracellular hemoglobin sequesters NO and thus promotes activation of endothelial cells and adhesion/aggregation of platelets [64].

p(HGNC:HBB) decreases a(CHEBI:"nitric oxide") View Subject | View Object

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Cell Ontology (CL)
erythrocyte
MeSH
Veins
MeSH
beta-Thalassemia
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Review

p(HGNC:HBB) increases bp(MESH:"Platelet Aggregation") View Subject | View Object

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Cell Ontology (CL)
erythrocyte
MeSH
Veins
MeSH
beta-Thalassemia
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Review

p(HGNC:HBB) increases bp(GO:"endothelial cell activation") View Subject | View Object

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Cell Ontology (CL)
erythrocyte
MeSH
Veins
MeSH
beta-Thalassemia
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Evidence 43cb854b1c
JSON

Besides the effects of intact RBCs, free extracellular hemoglobin prolongs clotting time of fibrinogen due to impaired polymerization [73].

p(HGNC:HBB) increases bp(MESH:"Whole Blood Coagulation Time") View Subject | View Object

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Cell Ontology (CL)
erythrocyte
MeSH
Veins
MeSH
beta-Thalassemia
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Evidence 328ef5879c
JSON

Other diseases, including -thalassemia, hemolytic anemias caused by RBC antibodies, and hereditary stomatocytosis, also commonly have RBCs with stiff membranes [23].

path(HP:"autoimmune hemolytic anemia") decreases bp(MESH:"Erythrocyte Deformability") View Subject | View Object

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Veins
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path(MESH:Thalassemia) decreases bp(MESH:"Erythrocyte Deformability") View Subject | View Object

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Veins
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Evidence decc7bd495
JSON

Third, hemolysis results in a massive release of procoagulant RBC-derived MPs [66].

path(MESH:Hemolysis) increases a(MESH:"Cell-Derived Microparticles") View Subject | View Object

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Cell Ontology (CL)
erythrocyte
MeSH
Veins
MeSH
beta-Thalassemia
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Review

Evidence 8b3a5b0a03
JSON

Second, immune hemolysis is accompanied by production of TNF- which induces tissue factor expression in endothelial cells and also decreases the endothelial expression of thrombomodulin, a potent modulator of thrombin activity [62].

path(MESH:Hemolysis) increases p(HGNC:TNF) View Subject | View Object

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Cell Ontology (CL)
erythrocyte
MeSH
Veins
MeSH
beta-Thalassemia
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About

BEL Commons is developed and maintained in an academic capacity by Charles Tapley Hoyt and Daniel Domingo-Fernández at the Fraunhofer SCAI Department of Bioinformatics with support from the IMI project, AETIONOMY. It is built on top of PyBEL, an open source project. Please feel free to contact us here to give us feedback or report any issues. Also, see our Publishing Notes and Data Protection information.

If you find BEL Commons useful in your work, please consider citing: Hoyt, C. T., Domingo-Fernández, D., & Hofmann-Apitius, M. (2018). BEL Commons: an environment for exploration and analysis of networks encoded in Biological Expression Language. Database, 2018(3), 1–11.